![]() ![]() Different water footprint types including blue water, green water, and grey water are considered in this study. This study is intended to evaluate the life-cycle water footprints (WF) of biofuels derived from several potential non-edible feedstocks including cassava, sweet sorghum, and Jatropha curcas in China. However, rapid increase of biofuel production could cause other environmental concerns in China such as water stress. This study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing EbA measures for sediment management strategies to address watershed degradation, which is a severe problem across the globeĭevelopment of biofuels is considered as one of the important ways to replace conventional fossil energy and mitigate climate change. Contouring alone was the least effective, with a reduction in sediment yield of only 23%. Reforestation alone was found to be the second-best option, which could reduce the sediment yield by 84%. Under all individual and combined EbA scenarios analyzed, there was a significant reduction in sediment yield however, the maximum reduction of 88% was achieved with a combined scenario of reforestation, grassed waterways, and filter strips. This degraded watershed was then used to evaluate the effectiveness of various EbA measures such as reforestation, contouring, filter strips, and grassed waterways in reducing the sediment yield. The most degraded watershed produced an annual average sediment yield of 13.5 tons/ha. The developed watershed model was first used to investigate the effect of various degraded watersheds due to land-use changes on the sediment yield in the study area. In this study, various EbA measures were evaluated using a bio-physical model called the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), in a small, forested watershed named Hui Ta Poe, in the northeastern region of Thailand. basin level) and on the economic aspect is recommended, in order to contribute to developing suitable land use and energy policies.Įcosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can potentially mitigate watershed degradation problems. Overall, the study indicates that biofuel production would have a negative impact on the water quality of the studied watershed. Based on the results, it can be concluded that land use change for biodiesel production would affect water quality, while both the water balance components and water quality would be affected by the expansion of bio-ethanol crops. On the contrary, expansion of cassava and sugarcane would decrease evapotranspiration (0.8 to 11.8%) and increase water yield (1.6 to 18.0%), which would lead to increased sediment (10.9 to 91.5%), nitrate (1.9 to 44.5%) and total phosphorus (15.0 to 165.0%) loading to surface water. Simulation results revealed that although oil palm expansion would have negligible alteration in evapotranspiration (0.5 to 1.6%) and water yield (−0.5 to −1.1%), there would be an increased nitrate loading (1.3 to 51.7%) to the surface water. The water footprint results indicated that cassava is more water-efficient than the other two crops considered. Several LUC scenarios consisting of oil palm (biodiesel), cassava and sugarcane (bio-ethanol) expansion were evaluated. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate the impact of land use change (LUC) caused by the expansion of biofuel crops on the components of water balance and water quality in the studied watershed. The water footprint of biofuel energy was estimated for three crops in order to identify the most water-efficient crop. This study evaluates the potential impact of increased biofuel production on the hydrology of a small watershed, Khlong Phlo, in the eastern part of Thailand.
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